Scharia und der Islamischer Staat im 19. Jahrhundert — Die Rechtsvorstellungen des Mahdi – Stiftung Omnis Religio & InterReligiöse Bibliothek (IRB)

Scharia und der Islamischer Staat im 19. Jahrhundert — Die Rechtsvorstellungen des Mahdi

Aharon Layish:
Sharīʿa and the Islamic State in 19th-Century Sudan

The Mahdī’s Legal Methodology
and Doctrine

Serie: Islam in Africa, Band: 19

Leiden: Brill 2016, XXII, 348 pp., index

ISBN:

978-90-04-31138-1
Vgl.:
— Heinz Halm: Das Reich des Mahdi.
Der Aufstieg der
der Fatimiden.
München: C.H. Beck 1991, 470 S., Abb., Register
Inhaltsverzeichnis: hier
— Abdulaziz Abdulhussein Sachedina: Islamic Messianism.
The Idea of Twelver Shi’ism. Albany, NY: State of New York Press 1981, X, 230 pp., index

Verlagsinformationen
The Sudanese Mahdī headed a millenarian, revivalist, reformist movement in Islam, strongly inspired by Salafī and Ṣūfī ideas, in late 19th century in an attempt to restore the Caliphate of the Prophet and “Righteous Caliphs” in Medina. As the “Successor of the Prophet”, the Mahdī was conceived of as the political head of the Islamic state and its supreme religious authority. On the basis of his legal opinions, decisions, proclamations and “traditions” attributed to him, an attempt is made to reconstruct his legal methodology consisting of the Qurʾān, sunna, and inspiration ( ilhām) derived from the Prophet and God, its origins, and its impact on Islamic legal doctrine, and to assess his “legislation” as an instrument to promote his political, social and moralistic agenda.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Preliminary Material —Seiten: i–xxi

Introduction: The Mahdī’s Documents
as a Source of Legal History — Seiten: 1–5

1 The Mahdist State — Seiten: 6–25

2 The Mahdī’s Legal Methodology — Seiten: 26–55

3 The Mahdī’s Legislation — Seiten: 57–59

1 The Slave as Property and Person — Seiten: 61–64

2 Umm al-Walad Lost the Child by Her Master but Both She and the Children She Gave Birth to Fathered by Slaves Are Deemed Free in Her Master’s Lifetime — Seiten: 65–66

3 A Female Slave, the Husband’s Absence,

Dissolution and Chastity — Seiten: 67–69

4 A Slave’s Acknowledgment of Theft
Is Admissible and Punishable — Seiten: 70–71

5 The Mahdī Buys Concubines and Obtains
His Free Wives’ Consent — Seiten: 72–73

6 Validation of the Ottoman Land Category of Mīrī — Seiten: 75–78

7 The Mahdī Proclaims a Period of Prescription
of Seven Years — Seiten: 79–80

8 Obtaining Ownership through an
Uninterrupted Period of Prescription — Seiten: 81

9 Prohibition of Lease for Rent and Agrarian Reform — Seiten: 83–86

10 Tenancy Is Permissible if Proprietor Incapable
of Cultivating Land — Seiten: 87–88

11 Pledge Is Not Permissible as a Device
for Circumventing Prohibition of Interest,
but the Pledgee/
Creditor May Deduct Expenses
from the Profits — Seiten: 89–92

12 Right of Preemption Reserved Only to the Partner,
Not the Neighbor — Seiten: 93

13 Marrying a Woman Promised to Another,
Even after Consummation, Entails Dissolution
and Discretionary Punishment — Seiten: 95–98

14 Prohibition for Marriage on Grounds of Fosterage Applies to All the Issue of Consanguine Brothers
by Virtue of the Literal Meaning of a Ḥadīth — Seiten: 99–102

15 Marrying a Woman against Her Will or a Woman Who Does
Not Share “Spiritual Communion”
Is neither Permissible nor Advisable — Seiten: 103–104

16 The Mahdī as the Supreme Qāḍī Delegates to a Woman
the Power to Marry off Her Daughter — Seiten: 105–106

17 The Mahdī Prescribes Maximal Rates for Ṣadāq;
Deviation therefrom Entails Expropriation
and Penal Sanctions — Seiten: 107–110

18 Marriage with a Fifth Wife, though Irregular,
Remains Intact; Instead, One of the Lawful Wives
Is to Be Divorced — Seiten: 111–113

19 The Mahdī Offers Four Wives to
the Great Grandson of Shaykh Aḥmad al-Ṭayyib al-Bashīr
Seiten: 114

20 The Mahdī Marries a Fifth Wife
with the Prophet’s Permission — Seiten: 115

21 Equality among Free Wives — Seiten: 116

22 The Mahdī’s Co-Wives Opt for an Ascetic Life
and the Hereafter as a Precondition for Marriage — Seiten: 117

23 Joining the Mahdiyya while Leaving Husband behind
Is Not Deemed Disobedience — Seiten: 118

24 Coercive Measures to Enforce Obedience — Seiten: 119

25 Disobedient Wife Compelled to Renounce Rights
in Divorce — Seiten: 120

26 A Woman’s Marriage to Another Man
before Establishing Her Divorce from
Her Former Husband Entails
Separation and Restoration
to Her First Husband — Seiten: 121–124

27 Khulʿ and Financial Liability
Prior to the Mahdiyya —Seiten: 125–126

28 Wife’s Right to Nuptial Gift Is Not Affected
by Khulʿ Agreement in the Event
of the Wife’s Emigration to Mahdist Territory
while Leaving Her Husband Behind — Seiten: 127–128

29 Compulsory Khulʿ of a Disobedient Wife though the Husband Is Advised to Renounce His Financial Rights — Seiten: 129–130

30 Enforced Khulʿ Following Marriage
against a Woman’s Consent — Seiten: 131

31 Khulʿ Does Not Count in the Quota
for Intermediate Marriage — Seiten: 132–133

32 Taṭlīq of a Woman Married against Her Will — Seiten: 134–135

33 Dissolution on Grounds of Non-Provision
of Maintenance by an Absent Husband — Seiten: 136–138

34 Taṭlīq of the Wife of an Absent Husband — Seiten: 139

35 Taṭlīq on Grounds of Non-Provision of Maintenance — Seiten: 140

36 Rescission of Marriage on Grounds of Prejudice — Seiten: 141

37 Rescission of Marriage on Grounds
of Difference of Religion — Seiten: 142–143

38 Termination of Marriage on Grounds of Difference
of Religion and Rehabilitation
by a New Marriage Contract — Seiten: 144–145

39 Duration of Waiting Period following Delay
of Menstruation — Seiten: 146–147

40 A Separated Wife Who Has Not Completed
One Menstrual Period May Be Restored to Her Husband
without Concluding New Marriage Contract — Seiten: 148–149

41 Should an Emigrant Wife Observe the Waiting Period
of a Free or a Slave Woman? — Seiten: 150–151

42 The Mahdī Reinstates His Triply Divorced Wife
with No Intermediate Marriage,
with the Prophet’s Permission — Seiten: 152–154

43 Reinstating a Triply Divorced Wife with
No Intermediate Marriage Entails Ḥadd Punishment — Seiten: 155

44 An Oath of Ḥarām or Oath of Continence without Explicitly Mentioning Repudiation Is Null and Void — Seiten: 156–158

45 An Oath of Ḥarām Is Not Binding unless God’s Name
Is Mentioned — Seiten: 159

46 Breaking an Oath of Divorce Entails Expiation — Seiten: 160

47 The Right to Custody, the Welfare
of the Parents and
the Best Interest of the Child — Seiten: 161–163

48 The Mahdī Offers
the Widow of a Martyr the Entire Estate as Charity
in a Gesture of Generosity — Seiten: 165–169

49 A Widow’s Waiting-Period Maintenance Is Taken
Out of the Estate before Its Division — Seiten: 170–173

50 Bequests in Favor of Legal Heirs — Seiten: 174–175

51 Intentional Homicide in Turco-Egyptian Territories
Entails Compulsory Retribution with No Option
of Forgiveness — Seiten: 177–182

52 No Punishment for Killing Committed on Turkish Territory if Repentance Is Accepted by the State — Seiten: 183

53 Compensation for Bodily Injuries, Regardless of their Nature, on the Basis of Slaves’ Price where Equivalence in Injury Is Impossible
— Seiten: 184–185

54 Warriors Causing Bloodshed to Muslim Civil Population
Are Liable to Private Retaliation and State Sanctions
— Seiten: 186–187

55 Literal Interpretation and Application of Qur’an 5:38
— Seiten: 189–193

56 A Witness to Theft Failing to Report the Crime
Is Liable to Amputation — Seiten: 194

57 Personal Liability for the Theft:
No Collective Amputation of Hands — Seiten: 195

58 Stealing from Booty Is Tantamount
to Disbelief and Apostasy — Seiten: 196–197

59 Theft from Booty Entails Excommunication
and Capital Punishment — Seiten: 198

60 The Mahdī Forgives a Highway Robber
Who Repents and Acknowledges Crime
after Being Captured — Seiten: 199–201

61 Stoning for Muḥṣan, Lashes for Bikr and
Discretionary Punishment for Entering
into Privacy with a Stranger — Seiten: 202–204

62 Marrying Another Man during Waiting Period
from Divorcing Husband Entails Lapidation
— Seiten: 205

63 Hundred Lashes on Women Exposing
Themselves to Men — Seiten: 206–207

64 A Woman Exposing Her Face
or Speaking Aloud Is Liable to 27 Lashes — Seiten: 208–209

65 Kidnapping a Free Married Woman and Marrying
Her Entails Imprisonment and Lashes — Seiten: 210–211

66 Sodomy Entails Decapitation by Sword
— Seiten: 212–213

67 A Husband Sentenced Successively to Ḥadd Punishment
for Qadhf and to Compulsory Retribution
for Killing His Wife’s Alleged Harasser — Seiten: 214–217

68 Consumption of Wine and Use of Tobacco Entails Ḥadd and Statutory Punishments — Seiten: 218–220

69 Apostasy in Fundamental Principles:
Denial of the Mahdī’s Mahdiship — Seiten: 221–223

70 Apostasy in Deeds: Withdrawal from Islam
and Sharīʿa — Seiten: 224–225

71 Apostasy in Omission: Failure to Immigrate
to Mahdist Territory — Seiten: 226

72 Punishments on Apostasy and Repentance — Seiten: 227

73 Expansive Definition of Fayʾ: Property Surrendered
by Infidels by Agreement to be Distributed
According to Qur’an 59:7 — Seiten: 229–233

74 Property and Persons Acquired as Booty — Seiten: 234–235

75 Men, Women and Children as Booty — Seiten: 236–237

76 Division of Booty to Recipients — Seiten: 238–242

77 Compulsory Allocation of Booty
to the Mahdī’s Kin and Companions — Seiten: 243–245

78 Women Participating Physically
in Jihād Fighting — Seiten: 246–247

79 The Mahdī Urges General Gordon
either to Accept Amān or Embrace Islam — Seiten: 248–251

80 The Mahdī Invites the Governor of Egypt
to Submit to Islam — Seiten: 252

81 A Dhimmī Staying behind in Turco-Egyptian Territory
Given the Choice either to Convert to Islam or
Be Proclaimed Ḥarbī — Seiten: 253–255

82 Redemption of “Infidel” Captives Converted
to the Mahdiyya on Presumption of Good Faith— Seiten: 256

83 The Alms Tax as a Ritual and a State Instrument
for Social Justice — Seiten: 257–261

84 Niṣāb and Rates of Zakāt — Seiten: 262–264

85 Recipients of Zakāt — Seiten: 265–266

86 “Governor of the Market” as Public Prosecutor — Seiten: 267–270

87 Appointment of Arbitrators to Consolidate the Mahdiyya
and Enhance Public Morality in Light of “Commanding Right
and Forbidding Wrong” — Seiten: 271

88 A Catalogue of Statutory Punishments
on Moral Offenses — Seiten: 272–274

89 Negative Innovations Entail
Discretionary Punishments — Seiten: 275–277

90 A False Witness Is Liable either to Be Decapitated
or to Have His Property Taken Away or
His Hand Amputated — Seiten: 279–282

Conclusion — Seiten: 283–295

Bibliography — Seiten: 297–309

Glossary — Seiten: 310–336

General Index — Seiten: 337–348